diff --git a/src/bin/lox_client_2.rs b/src/bin/lox_client_2.rs
index 5968034..a00a137 100644
--- a/src/bin/lox_client_2.rs
+++ b/src/bin/lox_client_2.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ async fn main() {
         serde_json::from_reader(lox_auth_pubkeys_infile).unwrap()
     } else {
         // download from Lox Auth
-        let pubkeys = get_lox_auth_keys(server_addr.clone()).await;
+        let pubkeys = get_lox_auth_keys(&server_addr).await;
         // save to file for next time
         let mut lox_auth_pubkeys_outfile = File::create(lox_auth_pubkeys_filename).expect("Failed to create lox_auth pubkeys file");
         write!(
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ async fn main() {
         serde_json::from_reader(lox_cred_infile).unwrap()
     } else {
         // get new credential based on an open invite
-        let open_invite = get_open_invitation(server_addr.clone()).await;
-        let cred = get_lox_credential(server_addr.clone(), open_invite, lox_pub).await;
+        let open_invite = get_open_invitation(&server_addr).await;
+        let cred = get_lox_credential(&server_addr, open_invite, lox_pub).await;
         // save to file for next time
         let mut lox_cred_outfile = File::create(lox_cred_filename).expect("Failed to create lox credential file");
         write!(
diff --git a/src/client_lib.rs b/src/client_lib.rs
index d8aff1f..a83848a 100644
--- a/src/client_lib.rs
+++ b/src/client_lib.rs
@@ -30,24 +30,24 @@ fn today(time_offset: Duration) -> u32 {
 }
 
 // Download Lox Auth pubkeys
-pub async fn get_lox_auth_keys(server_addr: String) -> Vec<IssuerPubKey> {
-    let lox_auth_pubkeys_resp = net_request(format!("{}/pubkeys", server_addr), [].to_vec()).await;
+pub async fn get_lox_auth_keys(server_addr: &str) -> Vec<IssuerPubKey> {
+    let lox_auth_pubkeys_resp = net_request(server_addr.to_string() + "/pubkeys", [].to_vec()).await;
     let lox_auth_pubkeys: Vec<IssuerPubKey> = serde_json::from_slice(&lox_auth_pubkeys_resp).unwrap();
     lox_auth_pubkeys
 }
 
 // Get an open invitation
-pub async fn get_open_invitation(server_addr: String) -> [u8; OPENINV_LENGTH] {
-    let open_invite_resp = net_request(format!("{}/invite", server_addr), [].to_vec()).await;
+pub async fn get_open_invitation(server_addr: &str) -> [u8; OPENINV_LENGTH] {
+    let open_invite_resp = net_request(server_addr.to_string() + "/invite", [].to_vec()).await;
     let open_invite: [u8; OPENINV_LENGTH]  = serde_json::from_slice::<Invite>(&open_invite_resp).unwrap().invite;
     open_invite
 }
 
 // Get a Lox Credential from an open invitation
-pub async fn get_lox_credential(server_addr: String, open_invite: [u8; OPENINV_LENGTH], lox_pub: IssuerPubKey) -> lox::cred::Lox {
+pub async fn get_lox_credential(server_addr: &str, open_invite: [u8; OPENINV_LENGTH], lox_pub: IssuerPubKey) -> lox::cred::Lox {
     let (open_inv_req, state) = open_invite::request(&open_invite);
     let encoded_open_inv_req: Vec<u8> = serde_json::to_vec(&open_inv_req).unwrap();
-    let encoded_open_inv_resp = net_request(format!("{}/openreq", server_addr), encoded_open_inv_req).await;
+    let encoded_open_inv_resp = net_request(server_addr.to_string() + "/openreq", encoded_open_inv_req).await;
     let decoded_open_inv_resp: open_invite::Response = serde_json::from_slice(&encoded_open_inv_resp).unwrap();
     let (cred, bridgeline) = open_invite::handle_response(state, decoded_open_inv_resp, &lox_pub).unwrap();
     cred
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ pub async fn get_lox_credential(server_addr: String, open_invite: [u8; OPENINV_L
 }
 
 // Get a migration credential to migrate to higher trust
-pub async fn trust_promotion(server_addr: String, lox_cred: lox::cred::Lox, lox_pub: IssuerPubKey) -> lox::cred::Migration {
+pub async fn trust_promotion(server_addr: &str, lox_cred: lox::cred::Lox, lox_pub: IssuerPubKey) -> lox::cred::Migration {
     let (prom_req, state) = trust_promotion::request(&lox_cred, &lox_pub, today(Duration::ZERO)).unwrap();
     let encoded_prom_req: Vec<u8> = serde_json::to_vec(&prom_req).unwrap();
-    let encoded_prom_resp = net_request(format!("{}/promreq", server_addr), encoded_prom_req).await;
+    let encoded_prom_resp = net_request(server_addr.to_string() + "/promreq", encoded_prom_req).await;
     let decoded_prom_resp: trust_promotion::Response = serde_json::from_slice(&encoded_prom_resp).unwrap();
     let migration_cred = trust_promotion::handle_response(state, decoded_prom_resp).unwrap();
     migration_cred